College Dropout Essay

In the article, â€Å"The Dropout Dilemma: One in four college freshman dropout†, Jonathan Whitbourne touches the issue of college students dropping out. Whitbourne provides insight into the top six reasons that college students drop out. According to American College Testing, â€Å"one in every four students leaves college before completing sophomore year† (cited in Whitbourne 1). While this article is well written, it could use some more facts and provide some of the author’s credentials. The article begins with a story about Michael Van Adams. He was an exemplary high school student with an outstanding academic record. After highschool, he thought he was ready to tackle any hurdle that was presented before him, including his college education. Michael was quickly proved wrong. High school students spend so much time trying to get into college that they are often forget the fundamentals needed to be prepared for college life. â€Å"A large number of students are Ill equipped for the challenges of college† (2). One of the main skills that these students are lacking due to the time consumed with admissions is the coursework; which can be drastically different than high school. Other factors include: no longer living at home; which for many students this is the first time, and managing time and money. When these factors are present, it can lead to unneeded stress. Many colleges have been studying why the dropout rate is so high and attempting to construct a course or program to prepare students . These â€Å"Survival Courses† (2) are to prepare students for the tasks that lie ahead. One school that has been providing a course for college preparation is the University of South Carolina since 1972 (2). The article also provides six of the top reasons that college student’s dropout. In addition to the reasons, the article also provides six survival strategies to help prepare and prevent new students from falling into the same pattern. The author does not provide his credentials or whether or not he is qualified to write this article. An extra step is needed to find out that he is the lead web editor at a corporation. The author began as an editorial intern in sports; therefore he is not exactly qualified to write on college dropouts. Though the author has been an editor for Healthy Kids’ Magazine, he is not an subject matter expert in the field. Nevertheless, because he does have research and editorial experience, this allows him to be taken seriously on the topic. Even without the actual author having all of the necessary qualifications; the article is clearly not biased and is completely objective. There is very limited presence of personal opinion and the facts, when presented, are undeniable within the text. The author has provided numerous of good examples of students that have come face to face with the horrors of being a new college student. The beginning of the article begins with an introduction about student named Michael VanAdams. As you get more into the content of the article there is a reference made about Sara Stanton. Though there is dialogue from these individuals there is no proof stating whether or not Whitbourne himself interviewed these students or if he just came across their stories. Using strong subject matter experts within the field can make an article or study more reliable. In the essay, Whitbourne also uses the expertise of Vincent Tinto and Robert Feldman. Tinto is the Chairman of the Higher Education Program at Syracuse University in New York. He is also the author of Leaving College: Rethinking the Causes and Cures of Student Attrition. In addition, Robert Feldman is the Director of Undergraduate Studies in the Department of Psychology at the University of Massachusetts. The combination of these individuals greatly contributes to the overall prestige of the article. Another factor that is important when writing articles is the prominent use of facts to back the author’s findings and results. Whitbourne did not use a lot of facts to back his article. The use of statistics, facts, quotations, and citations could have helped his article be more reliable. The statistics and references that were used were wonderful, nevertheless they were scarce. When a topic like this is being discussed the reader needs to feel confident in what he/she is reading. Without the proper statistics and citations the persuasiveness of this article can be questioned.

Popuarity of fast food outlets Essay

10. Discuss the causes of popularity of fast food. In recent years, there have been many studies conducted on fast food. According to the results of these studies, fast food has become an indispensible part of human life and has become quite popular. There are numerous reasons for the popularity of fast food restaurants among which the two most important ones are that they are cheap and easily available. To begin with, one of the most significant reasons why many people today opt for fast food restaurants is that fast food is cheap. That is to say, because the cost of the ingredients of fast food is low, the prices are also low . Therefore, as expected, people have more of a tendency to eat fast food. For instance, students have generally limited pocket money and they tend to spend their money carefully. Thus, this situation compels them to eat fast food because it is more affordable for them. Briefly, the cheapness of fast food is one of the leading causes of its popularity. Another important reason why fast food restaurants are so popular is that they are easy available. In other words, today fast food branches are very widespread and people can find them almost everywhere. People can eat food without searching for a restaurant for a long time and when they find it, they don’t have to wait for long. To illustrate, students have limited time between classes and they can easily get fast food such as toasts and hamburgers in a place close to their school. In short people do not need to spend much time eating thanks to fast food. In conclusion, there are a myriad of reasons why fast food restaurants are very popular. We always focus on the neglect effects of eating in fast food restaurants but actually we need to examine the causes of its popularity. Two main reasons are that fast food is affordable and easily available. Nevertheless, people, especially children, should be well informed about negative effects of fast food.

Analysis of Seventh-day Adventists Website Assignment - 1

Analysis of Seventh-day Adventists Website - Assignment Example In addition, both websites offer information on the types of assistance that are offered, such as health care and provide publications. I learned that Seventh-day Adventists has global influences with churches, educational programs, health ministries and publications all over the world. The Seventh-day Adventists is a renowned organization, which has set up Bible study groups all over the world known as Sabbath School. It also develops its own materials for use. It has several departments to provide support to the organization, including auditing that ensures financial statements are true and fair and policies compliance are met. As for Jehovahs Witnesses, it also has similar global influences with its members increasing tremendously over the years as more people convert to the religion and become baptized. Even the website is available in hundreds of different languages to cater for different nationalities that share the same belief. Its Bible study can be arranged and conducted at the convenience of your own home. It has branches in several countries that manage resources, memorials, baptism, and congregations. I a lso learned that the topics provided allows one to relate the day-to-day affairs to the teachings of the Bible and by doing so, one can have more spiritual growth. This is especially so for those that are particularly at the lowest points in their lives, in times of crisis, when death occurs to someone dear to them, and even the approach of our own death. As Seventh-day Adventists operates educational facilities in many countries, they believe that church-run schools are equally capable of providing the necessary curriculum. It is said that many parents see a favorable change in their children upon joining such institutions and the group hopes to create more impact on society. On a separate note, Jehovahs Witnesses believe that current events; for instance, the worsening crimes and even global warming that instil fear in many about safety and  the future, are caused by the imperfections of human beings and how governments, by implementing legislation, believe they can address these imperfections and thus, make the world a better place to live in.  

Politics since Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Politics since - Movie Review Example But America feels that while Iran’s help was great in some fields, it lacked substantially in others. The US believes that Usama bin Laden2 and other important leaders of Al-Qaeda escaped to Iran. Therefore, they demanded Iran to turn them over for investigation but Iran denied their presence in their country which is not believed by the US. Things took a pivotal turn from then on. George W. Bush3 called Iran a member of the Axis of evil4. This caused Iran to stop their supportive role in Iraq. There were a huge number of protests in Iran against America. Their national flag was disrespected and trampled on. George Bush was burned in effigy on several occasions. Mohammad Ali Abtahi5 calls this one of the biggest political blunders of George Bush. Iran was branded as a terrorist nation at a very crucial time by the US. Such remarks are an attack on the nobility and pride of a nation and any country in the world would have responded in a similar way. The US efforts to install democracy in Iraq have served the Iranian interest according to US because of the fact that Iran wanted Saddam Hussein6 to fall. The army that Iran fought for 8 years was subdued in just a few weeks as a result of US invasion of Iraq. For US, this is a great benefit to Iran but Iran is not content with just that. Iran indeed wanted Saddam to fall but not the way he did. For them, one enemy is replaced by an even bigger enemy. They are worried about the US encirclement of Iran. US efforts of democracy in Iraq mean the creation of a Puppet State controlled by the US. Iran also feels that it has been a home outside home for many Iraqi politicians through history. Therefore, they have a right to be consulted when a new government is being set up in Iraq. Iran helped to get the votes out in the first elections and many of their allies were elected in southern Iraq. Iran wanted participation in the overthrowing of

Colonization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Colonization - Essay Example Though this process may or may not victimize indigenous populations, history often times demonstrates otherwise, as we shall see later in this essay. In ancient times, during the bonze age, maritime nations, such as the city-states of Greece, often established colonies. "Eventually Hellas spread over an enormous area, including the Black Sea littoral to the east, the coastal areas of Asia Minor, the Aegean Islands, Greece proper, southern Italy and most of Sicily, and continuing west on both shores of the Mediterranean to Cyrene in Libya and to Marseilles and a few Spanish coastal sites" (Finley 1963). These colonizations appear to have been an effort to acquire more living space emphasising the farming of uninhabited or sparsely habited land. Land suitable for farming during ancient and classical periods was often claimed by migratory barbarian tribes whose livlihood was met by hunting and gathering. "The Roman Empire was another great colonization of ancient times. The Roman Empire conquered a large part of Western Europe, North Afraica and West Asia. Though in North Africa and west Asia they were often conquering civilized peoples, as they moved north into Europe they often encountered little more than rural tribes with very little in the way of cities. In these areas, waves of Roman colonization often followed the conquest of the area. Roman Empire, political system established by Rome that lasted for nearly five centuries. Historians usually date the beginning of the Roman Empire from 27 BC when the Roman Senate gave Gaius Octavius the name Augustus and he became the undisputed emperor after years of bitter civil war. At it peak, the empire included lands throughout the Mediterranean world. Rome had first expanded into other parts of Italy and neighboring territories during the Roman Republic (509-27 BC), but made wider conquests and solidified political control of these lan ds during the empire. The empire lasted until Germanic invasions, economic decline, and internal unrest in the 4th and 5th centuries AD ended Rome's ability to dominate such a huge territory. The Romans and their empire gave cultural and political shape to the subsequent history of Europe from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to the present day" (Encyclopedia Encarta). III. Dark and Middle Ages During the middle ages, current great cities of Europe in Spain, Germany, and France began as Roman colonies. Cities such as the German city of Cologne was one example and London was another which the Romans called Londinium. As the decline and collapse of the Roman Empire progressed, noting that it was not an overnight collapse, the movement of large-scale migration of people in Eastern Europe and Asia, often cealled barbarians, thrust their way into southern and western Europe causing the Roman Empire to slowly lose its entrenched holds of peoples in those areas. The Dark Ages also saw huge migrations of tribal peoples consolidating new colonies all over Western Europe, thus contributing to the development of many modern day nations of Europe. The Huns colonized Hungary, the Franks in France and Germany and the Anglo-Saxons in England. During this period, another great colonizing people were the Vikings of Scandinavia. The Vikings were fierce conquerors and set out to pillage and terriorize the coastlines of Northern Europe, especially the

Commercial Law - Sales of Goods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Commercial Law - Sales of Goods - Essay Example Emily accepted this proposal and handed over the scarf to Andrea for cleaning. Christine, who saw the scarf in the shop, instantly decided to purchase the scarf. Accordingly, she offered a very lucrative amount for it. Andrea accepted this offer and gave the scarf to Christine. Later on Emily came to know of this transaction and made a strong resolve to get back her scarf from Christine. Issues For advising Emily and Christine in respect of their rights regarding the possession of the scarf, the issues to be addressed are: Whether there was a contract of sale between Andrea and Emily. Whether Andrea possesses title to the scarf which was sold to Christine. Whether Emily got any remedy under the provisions of sale of goods Act. Whether Christine’s sale transaction with Andrea is a legally valid one. Rule of law As per the provisions of section 2(1) of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, a contract of sale is one in which the seller either transfers or accepts to sell the property in go ods to another person called the buyer for a consideration which can be termed as price. As per section 21 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, an individual without title in the goods cannot transfer the same to others Application Since, Emily had paid for the scarf and taken possession, she had become its owner, as per the provisions of the Sale of Goods Act 1979. Thus, she possesses title to the property. ... In bailment, mere possession of the goods is given and there is no transfer of property in the goods. A bailment involves a transfer of possession in the goods. On the other hand, a sale results in the transfer of the general property in the goods. In instances, wherein there is a hire purchase agreement or a return transaction, the bailee may obtain property in the goods from the bailor (Macleod, 2002, p. 22). The bailor has the right to claim a return of the goods bailed, the moment that the purpose of such bailment has been realised. In the event of any delay by the bailee in returning these goods, the bailor can claim compensation. The remedy for failure by the bailee to take proper care of the goods is damages. On occasion, the risk and property in goods sold could have been transferred to the buyer and the seller could be duty bound to deliver goods to the buyer. In such instances, any ensuing damage to the goods resulting from the negligence of the seller has to be compensated for by the provision of damages to the buyer (Title and Passing of Property). However, in such cases, the buyer cannot reject the goods. As such, in a contract of bailment, the goods are delivered with the condition that the goods are to be returned to the owner or some other party. Despite the fact that the holder of the goods in a contract of bailment possesses certain obligations and rights, the title in the goods does not pass to that person (Sale of goods: contract, property and risk). The bailee does not hold good title, since property in goods is not transferred. Section 21(1) of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, enjoins a general rule. This rule declares that it is not

Gender Inequality in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender Inequality in the United States - Essay Example More than 50 percent law graduates are women but less than 25 percent are law firm partners. Women gets more than 70 percent of masters, doctoral and professional degrees collectively but holds less than 20 percent of full time positions as university professors. US is ranked 85th in the world on the basis of share women hold in national legislative body. Only 9 percent of the largest cities in US have female mayors. He further mentions with grief that out of 500 fortune companies more than 25 percent had no female executive officers. Even in the film industry only one out of 4 female nominations for the best director won the Oscar, whereas; 77 percent of Oscars were gone to men. Williams further highlighted women as higher scorers on the scale of various leadership traits designed by Pew Center study, Social and Demographic Survey. In his view; despite of better grades, traits, potential and creativity the conditions of women are diminishing day by day in every industry and sector o f US. Pozner’s View Jennifer Pozner, founder of Women in Media and News, is a feminist who has channelized all her education, expertise and energy in enlightening the status of women especially in media. She is of the view that; women are treated as â€Å"second class citizens† in TV channels. ... eep trenches settled by male dominated society, though women have gained a humongous visibility in the media but still they lack those decision making positions which enjoy the authority of crafting people’s mind. Pozner said; â€Å"Control of the media is the single most important issue of our time, the corporate-controlled media shape and inform our collective ideas about people, politics, and public policy, the corporate-dominated mass media are the key to why our fast-moving culture is so slow to change, stereotypes are so persistent, and the power structure is so entrenched† Pozner believes that Media has the power to change minds and attitudes bus since the decision making power resides within the masculine community thus; males decide what to inject in the minds of people. The vibrant visibility of females in the news room of TV channels and increased female reporters and correspondent corps is a buzz view created to portray that there exist no ceilings for women and women are given equivalence in all the industries and sectors. To Pozner, media world is a â€Å"big lie† and it is spreading a false feminist death syndrome by creating an impression that women are getting what they deserve to get which is unfortunately not the case. Russo’s View Russo said in his speech; â€Å"We're so busy putting out fires right now, that we don't have the time to talk to each other and strategize and plan for the next wave, and the next day, and next month and the next week and the next year. And, we're going to have to find the time to do that in the next few months. And, we have to commit ourselves to doing that. And then, after we kick the shit out of this disease, we're all going to be alive to kick the shit out of this system, so that this never happens again.† According

Different conceptions of entrepreneurial strategies Essay

Different conceptions of entrepreneurial strategies - Essay Example The principles of entrepreneurship are recognized as essential components for the progression and the advancement of financial or economic actions. It is a continuous procedure of financial development. According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is a person who acts as an innovator by executing certain transformations within the financial market through utilizing various resources. Schumpeter also defines entrepreneurship as an innovative function and necessarily a financial activity. The financial activity along with the purpose of attaining maximum revenue can only be fulfilled by encouraging the outlook towards the principle of entrepreneurship. According to Kirzner, an entrepreneur is recognized by the activities that an individual performs within the market economy. It is the entrepreneur who organizes the plans and creates new products along with modernizing the production system. Kirzner also defined entrepreneurship as an organizing element of the market, working for technical process advancement and development along with affecting various financial market theories. It has been identified that the conceptions of different entrepreneurship strategies that are floated by Schumpeter and Kirzner were mainly based on certain aspects that include driving the financial procedure away from economical balance and driving the financial procedure towards economical balance among others.

The history of Antibiotics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The history of Antibiotics - Research Paper Example Thus the drugs to treat these infections have to be numerous, so that they target the susceptibility of each bacterial pathogen. Thus, the advances in pharmacology have brought forward a new era of antibiotics with vast options to treat the infections that were once considered lethal in the history of mankind. Major disease epidemics in the history of the world, like the Black Death by plague in early 1900s that caused deaths of millions of people were brought under control successfully with the help of antibiotics (Levinson 2008). Endemic diseases like Tuberculosis, that have been a scourge for humanity for ages and were uncontrollable despite the use of innumerable drugs and therapies, have been found to be susceptible to different combinations of antibiotics. Worldwide measures are now being taken to eradicate such diseases from the face of the earth. Thus, single or in combination, antibiotics have opened the new doors to healthy life for the sick people who had no chances of sur vival. Antibiotics themselves are the products of microorganisms. The drug substance produced by one microorganism has adverse effects on certain other microorganisms and serves to kill them. This is how the antibiotics were produced initially. Due to their remarkable effects on wound healing and recovery from infections, soon they became famous with the names like ‘magic bullet’ and ‘wonder drug’ (Aminov 2010, Levinson 2008). The origin of the use of antibiotics for treating the infections is as old as the infections themselves. Different communities in the past used living organisms to treat infections. In ancient times, different types of moulds were used by people to heal wounds and infections. Tetracycline antibiotics have the ability to get incorporated in the bones and accumulate in them. Studies on bones of ancient Romans of Egypt and the Nubian population of Sudan reveal traces of

Me, Myself and Madness Essay Example for Free

Me, Myself and Madness Essay What is madness? Madness cannot be categorized into one definition, nor can it be simplified into one specific action. In Hamlet, Hamlet, prince of Denmark, is consumed by madness and is alternately driven to his own death. Despite the fact that many people believe that Hamlet’s mad behavior was planned and controlled. It is arguable that his madness was not feigned, and he was actually insane. Hamlet was drove into madness by the demonic possession of the ghost of Hamlet, the deep grudge he had for his mother Gerturde, and the craving for revenge he had for the death of his father In act 1, scene 4, Hamlet, Horatio and Marcellus are confronted by the ghost that has been roaming around the outskirts of the castle. Hamlet sees, and recognizes that the ghost that has been haunting his home is none other than the spitting image of his father, the late king Hamlet, who was inconspicuously murdered by his own brother Claudius, who later becomes king of Denmark, instead of Hamlet. The ghost calls out for Hamlet to follow him alone into the woods. Hamlet’s perseverance led him to believe that the ghost of his father had the answers that he desperately needed, and for that, Hamlet decided to follow him alone. Horatio (warning Hamlet against following his father’s ghost) gravely warned Hamlet that if he follows the ghost, it might â€Å"deprive your soverereignty of reason and draw you into madness.† In other words, Hamlet’s madness began when he became possessed (both body and mind) by the ghost of his father to bring about his evil deeds. In this case, Hamlet lost his mind when he erased himself from his own brain and replaced it with his father’s commandments. In addition, Hamlet’s madness was also driven by a deep grudge he had for his mother Gerturde. After the death of Hamlet’s father, Gerturde remarried within a month, to his brother Claudius. Hamlet shows provocation at Gerturde for happily marrying so soon. And to add insult to injury, it was to his uncle, of all people. Hamlet questions the faithfulness his mother has towards him,  and later doubts the love Ophellia has for him. For this reason, Hamlet displays resentment, not only towards his mother, but to Ophellia, who was uninvolved in the tragic death of his father, and the sudden remarriage of his mother to his uncle. In act 3, scene 1, Hamlet and Ophellia are having an emotional conversation with each other. Hamlet screams to Ophellia â€Å"get thee to a nunn’ry, why would tho be a breeder of sinners.† For this reason, Hamlet yells â€Å"get thee to a nunn’ry† several times because he exhorts ophellia to become a nun, so that way, she may never breed sinners, like him. Even tho he offends Ophellia by saying this, the insult is more intentionally made for his mother Gerturde. The lack of faithfulness his mother has causes the vulgar behavior he has towards Ophellia, which henceforth progresses Hamlet’s madness.

Person centred theory and its application in practice

Person centred theory and its application in practice Person-centred therapy is one of the humanistic approaches and derives from the work of Carl Rogers. It is based on the assumption each individual/client has the potential to understand themselves and the ability to solve their own problems. Rogers (1953/1967 p92, cited in Embleton Tudor et al 2004) firmly believed that, the inner core of mans personality is the organism itself, which essentially is both self-preserving and social and through this belief Rogers developed several key theoretical concepts of the person-centred approach. The organismic self, as Rogers saw it, is the human being, the sensory, bodily and visceral functions (Embleton Tudor et al 2004). The organismic self is essentially trustworthy and strives to grow and achieve its full potential, it experiences the inner feelings and deep seated desires and knows what it needs, both mentally and physically from the environment and other people in order to develop to its full potential. The tendency towards growth is known as the actualising tendency. Rogerss theory suggests that it is in human nature to grow, as it is for a plant, an example Rogers used to explain his theory. A plant does not need to be made to grow, it is innate. Given the right conditions the plant will thrive to be the best that it can be. As with people, if they are given the right conditions they will thrive to reach their potential and become the best person they can be (Embleton Tudor et al 2004). However, for people it means more than just growth and survival, it is the satis faction of physical and psychological needs. This theory was also supported by Abraham Maslow (1970, cited in Bernstein et al 2003), who developed a hierarchy of motives that need to be satisfied in order to reach self-actualisation. In essence the hierarchy can be split into two levels; physiological needs such oxygen, food, keeping warm, avoiding danger etc and psychological needs such as love, acceptance, and respect will lead to self actualisation (Bernstein et al 2003). Rogers believed that in order to satisfy the actualising tendency, we need to have experiences that will enable us to grow, and be able to accept these experiences into our self-structure and awareness (Tolan 2003). Rogers suggested that the environment an individual finds themselves in is the only constraint on the actualizing tendency (Thorne 2006) and the progress of people whose experiences of the self become distorted is likely to slowed or even stopped. The need for positive regard and approval from others can become overwhelming and eventually could take precedence over the thoughts and feelings of the organismic self. Rogers saw that from an early age children learn to need other peoples approval, or positive regard and the child will evaluate themselves as good for having earned approval. However, if a behaviour arising from what the individual is actually experiencing fails to earn positive regard then a conflict arises. The individual must either do without the positive regard or re-evaluate the self-experience and change their behaviour in order to receive positive feedback (Bernstein 2003). These experiences form the self-concept, which is the way that individual thinks of them. The self-concept is another key concept of the person-centred approach. It is the individuals conceptual representation of themselves, developed over time and is mainly dependent on the attitudes and behaviour of significant people in an individuals life and the environment they are in. Once a self-concept is established it is usually reinforced through behaviour that will elicit approval and suppress feelings, though ts or behaviours that bring about negative judgment from others. Experiences which challenge the self-concept are likely to be distorted or even denied altogether in order to preserve it. (Thorne, 1996). Difficulties can occur if a persons overwhelming need for positive regard from others is not met or is conditional upon their behaviour. Psychological disturbance occurs when the individuals self-concept contradicts with the thoughts or feelings that the individual organismically experiences (Mearns and Thorne, 2008). The ability to weigh up and to value experiences positively or negatively is known as the organismic valuing process. It is a fluid process by which experiences are valued according to how beneficial they are for enhancing towards self-actualisation. This means that experiences which are beneficial are sought after, however, experiences that are not seen as beneficial are valued as bad and avoided, this can lead to a distrust or disassociation with the organismic self (Mearns and Thorne 2008). The distrust in the organismic self can also be due to repeated messages that an individual has received or perceived from their environment. When we take something in from our environment, such as we evaluate it in relation to our internal valuing process, this kind of internalisation is called introjection. Introjects are the beliefs, attitudes, judgements or values of another person which are taken into the individual and become part of their self-concept (Thorne, 1996). By seeking approval from others individuals will introject attitudes or beliefs that are contradictory to their own feelings. When we take in something that doesnt fit into our self-concept we may reject it, or we may deny or distort some other aspect of our experience. In a therapeutic setting introjects can usually be identified by statements such as I ought to be or I should this can lead to a negative self-concept and cause the individual to become incongruent. (Tudor Embleton 2004). The organismic valuing process can also be disturbed by self-concepts that have been based on conditional positive regard, or conditions of worth. Conditions of worth are the feelings an individual experiences when the person is evaluated, instead of the persons behaviour. When the significant people in a persons life appear to value certain aspects of a behaviour or trait, the individual also learns to do this. Subsequently the individual will seek out some experiences and avoid others because they have learned to regard themselves in a particular way, for example if a parent says to their child I dont like you when you cry, the child may learn not to cry even if they are feeling genuine distress. (Tudor Embleton et al 2004). Through conditions of worth and negative self-concepts an individual can lose touch which their organismic self and become reliant on others to dictate the actions, according to Rogers this person would have an external locus of evaluation. A person with an external locus of evaluation will usually have been surrounded by people who are critical and judgemental. In order to receive approval and positive regard the individual will develop ways to behave. This is usually contradictory to the organismic self, which ceases to be effective as a source of knowledge or guidance for the individual. As a result the individual begins to rely on others to make their decisions and loses touch with what they really think and feel. (Mearns and Thorne 2008). In a therapeutic setting a counsellor/therapist must be aware if a client is presenting with a highly externalised locus of evaluation, as the client could interpret what the therapist says as advice or validation for behaviour. For example: Client: I just dont know what to do, I want to be a good mum and spend time with my children, but I also want my own social life, thats not wrong is it? Therapist: So you feel by having a social life you arent being a good mum Client: Exactly, I feel I am being selfish. What should I do? This client is incongruent due to her inner desires to have a social life and the conflict with her self-concept of what a good mum should be. The client asks the therapist for their opinion, which also suggests an external locus of evaluation. In contrast to this is the internal locus of evaluation. Psychologically healthy people are those who have been fortunate to live be surrounded by people whose acceptance and approval has enabled them to develop self-concepts that allow them to be in touch with their deepest feelings and experiences (Mearns and Thorne 2008, p11). This will enable them to move towards what Rogers (1963, cited in Mearns and Thorne 2008) describes as a fully functioning person. A fully functioning person is open to experiences and is not overly concerned with the opinions of others. This person would be able to trust their own ability to know what is good or bad for their development, they would be able to listen to themselves and make their own decisions, this person would have an internal locus of evaluation. A significant moment in therapy is when a client recognises their inner feelings and begins to operate using an internal locus of evaluation. Importance of the therapeutic relationship In a speech at the University of Minnesota Rogers said: Therapy is not a matter of doing something about himself. It is instead a matter of freeing him for normal growth and development so that he can again move forward. (Rogers, 1942, p29, cited in Dryden Mytton, 1999, p75) A key difference from other types of therapy is that the person-centred approach is non-directive and a greater emphasis is placed on the quality of the relationship rather than the use of techniques. The personal qualities and attitudes of the therapist are often seen as more important than their formal education or qualifications. The person-centred approach believes that it is the therapeutic relationship that can liberate the client from blockages to the actualising tendency (Dryden Mytton 1999). The aim of the counsellor in the therapeutic relationship is to create conditions where the growth or actualising process is encouraged, in turn this will free the client from their restrictions created by conditions of worth and introjects and enable them to listen to their inner voice (Mearns and Thorne 2008). Rogers believed that in the therapeutic relationship clients, often for the first time, experience acceptance rather than evaluation and feel free to recognise their organismic self. The therapist does not create an assessment of the client, nor do they label the client, Rogers regarded this as detrimental as the labelling process places the evaluation in the hands of an expert. In person-centred counselling the client is viewed as the expert about him/herself and the therapist is the expert only in maintaining the attitudinal conditions in the relationship with the client, not as an expert on the client (Dryden Mytton 1999). If the therapist was to be viewed as the expert this would create a power imbalance in the relationship and the person-centred approach regards it as essential that the client realises that they can trust their own experiencing and the validity of their own perceptions. Thorne (1996) believed that those who gain the most from person-centred therapy are those who are willing to change and recognise their role and responsibility in the therapeutic process. The person-centred approach is process orientated and Rogers believed if certain necessary conditions are present then changes will occur and the process of growth can take place. Rogers listed what he regarded as the necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change (Rogers, 1957 p95, cited in Dryden Mytton 1999 p76): Two persons are in psychological contact. Rogers (1959) described this as the least or minimum experience which could be called a relationship (p. 207, cited in Embleton Tudor et al 2004) meaning that the therapist and client have to be mutually aware of each other before the process can begin. There does not need to be an emotional connection or closeness for there to be psychological contact, it is a simple contact between two persons (Rogers, 1959 p207, cited in Embleton Tudor et al 2004, p40). The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable and anxious. One implication of client incongruence being one of the necessary and sufficient conditions is that the client is needs to have some self-identified problem in order to be motivated to seek therapy. Furthermore, if the client is vulnerable to anxiety this, in theory, would motivate them to stay in the therapeutic relationship (Mearns and Thorne, 2008). The second person, whom we shall term the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the relationship. According to Rogers (1973, p186) congruence or genuineness is the realness of the therapist in the relationshipWhen the therapist is natural and spontaneous he seems to be most effective (cited in Mearns Thorne 2008 p119). Rogers believed that if the therapist was outwardly showing warmth and acceptance, but was inwardly feeling irritation, the client would sense this and it would have a negative effect on the therapeutic relationship (Dryden Mytton 1999). Wilkins (1997) stated that the therapist needs to be open to their feelings and inner experiences, but does not need to communicate their feelings to the client (Embleton Tudor et al 2004). Congruence enables the client to be able to trust the experience of the counsellor, which in turn can help to establish a therapeutic relationship whereby the client feels genuinely understood and accepted (Tolan, 2003). The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard (UPR) for the client. UPR is the attitude of the therapist towards the client. If the therapist accepts the client unconditionally, without judgment, disapproval or approval. Bozworth (1996) argued that the clients experiencing of UPR is the most therapeutically effective of the necessary and sufficient conditions. The client does not need to distort their inner feelings to receive acceptance, therefore they can begin to become aware of organismic experiences and hopefully reduce the feelings of internal conflict (Embleton Tudor et al 2004). The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the clients internal frame of reference and endeavours to communicate this experience to the client. The key characteristic of empathy is being able to understand another persons subjective reality as they experience it. This requires an orientation toward the clients frame of reference (Cooper et al 2007). To be able to communicate empathically the therapist must accurately reflect what the content or affect of what the client conveyed, or the intended meaning of what was said. The importance of this is that it conveys to the client that the therapist understands what they are saying, it also gives the clients the opportunity to reflect on what they have said and the possibly find meaning in it (Josefwitz Myran 2005). The communication to the client of the therapists empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved. The therapist has a responsibility to communicate empathetic understanding and UPR to their client in order for the client to feel that they are in an environment where they are accepted and understood. Rogers (1957, p 99) stated unless some communication of these attitudes has been achieved, then such attitudes do not exist in the relationship as far as the client is concerned (cited in Embleton Tudor 2004, p44). The core conditions and the application of theory to practice Of the six necessary and sufficient conditions that have just briefly been described, congruence, UPR and empathy have come to be described as the core conditions. I shall describe these core conditions in more depth and aim to demonstrate their application in practice. Congruence Congruence can be described using terms such as, transparent, genuine or authentic, but the essence of congruence in a therapeutic relationship is that the therapist relates to the client in a way that reflects their inner awareness and feelings. The therapist should have an ongoing awareness of their experiencing (Mearns Thorne 2000). Rogers (1957) stressed that congruence is a state of being, and a therapist should only communicate their feelings when they are persistent and of great strength and when communication of them assists the therapeutic process. Result: Endeavouring to be so open the counsellor acts as a role model sending the message that its ok to feel and communicate feelings. In order to develop and maintain congruence counsellors need to constantly work at being aware of their underlying feelings and also to realise the importance of having supervision and working on their own personal growth.

E-Commerce: The Importance of Gaining the Trust of Consumers :: Personal Narrative Writing

E-Commerce: The Importance of Gaining the Trust of Consumers A crisp autumn breeze rustles through the trees, while I attempt to carry four bags of groceries up the two flights of stairs leading to my New York apartment. The anticipation I had previously felt while awaiting this important day, has now turned into extreme excitement. Today is the day of my interview with my possible future boss. Since I have just recently finished my fourth year of graduate school, I spent the entire summer searching the New York companies and firms for a reasonable job in the marketing business. I received my degree from Columbia University in the marketing aspects of online shopping. During school I studied techniques on how to effectively construct marketing websites. After three weeks of interviews and diligent searches for a respectable position, I became frustrated and overwhelmed. Fortunately, when I was just about to apply for a temporary teaching position at a nearby computer technical college, I met Ray Burke. Actually our very meeting was coincidence. After finishing a walk with my golden retriever, Benjamin, I was relaxing in a small street corner coffee shop when I first spotted Ray Burke. Benjamin became excited by a passing poodle, and took off knocking Ray Burke to his feet. Mortified, I dashed over to the spot where Ray Burke was now spread out on the ground, and observed that he was an older man around sixty. What was left of his gray hair was randomly dispersed and appeared to be stuck to his head with gel. His navy suite jacket was now muddy from his fall. I immediately started apologizing for Benjamin. However, to my surprise, Ray Burke was not mean and angry about the accident. Instead, he actually invited me inside and offered to buy me a cup of coffee. As we sipped our mocha lattes, he asked me about my work and I explained to him that I was n ow searching for a position as developing online markets and websites, but that I was struggling to find jobs in the market. Although I know that the situation was probably mere coincidence, that day I thought what followed next in our conversation was pure fate. Ray Burke turned out to be the CEO of a major marketing company in New York City that recently started a marketing branch concerning the construction of online electronic shopping sites.

Virtual Communities are an Illusion :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Virtual Communities are an Illusion Discussions of the social effects of computer-mediated communication (CMC) and virtual community often focus on whether they pull people apart or bring them together. John Perry Barlow describes his point of view on this matter in a very enlightening article, Is There a There in Cyberspace?. Barlow first describes his skepticism about virtual communities and finishes the article with a life altering tragedy. Amy Bruckman, who is responsible for the article, Finding Ones Own in Cyberspace explains the importance of discovering a virtual community that best suits your needs. I feel that virtual communities and CMCs bring people together but also pull them apart more then together. In Barlows article, he describes how cyberspace has created its own community, or virtual community if you will, by bringing people together with common interests and experiences. Like the community in contemporary America, virtual communities had a place where peoples hearts remained even if they physically moved around the country. The virtual community also provides a feeling of comfort from this large support group-like place where tragedies one may encounter, are experienced throughout and are solved by all. When Barlow experienced the sudden death of his wife, he had this to say about his virtual community, Those strangers, who had no arms to put around my shoulders, no eyes to weep with mine, nevertheless saw me through. As neighbors do. This is the idea of a coming together, from a virtual community standpoint. One thing that Barlow points out about virtual communities is that they lack prana (the Hindu term for breath and spirit). He says, Prana is, to my mind, the literally vital element in the holy and unseen ecology of relationship...It is at the heart of the fundamental and profound difference between information and experience. This is what brings human relationships together. The body language, sex, tone of voice, smells, facial expressions, etc. are the things that make life, life! These missing ingredients still lack in virtual communities to this day. According to Bruckmans article, she explains how to find a virtual community that best suits ones needs. Some of the things she suggests for a virtual community can be easily correlated to finding a neighborhood where one would like to reside. The main determining factor she points out is self selection. As individuals, we know what we want/dont want, like/dislike, so the decision is up to us to decide where we want to go.

Symbols and Symbolism in The Wraith of the Rose :: Wraith of the Rose Essays

Symbolism in The Wraith of the Rose "The Wraith of the Rose" is poem that seems to suggest the dual nature of love and relationships. There is the love and joy that is represented by the natural beauty of the flower, which is accompanied by the bitterness of a love that was lost and the pain that remains. The idea that love sours is not new, but in this poem there is the wraith, which is a ghost, that represents the pain that love can bring. One of the most interesting sections of the poem that goes from line 13 to 23 and starts with "I wish" in groupings of three reflects the desires of a lover looking back on a past relationship and the longing to go back to the happier days of the relationship. This longing is just as evident in the rest of the poem and is solidified with the symbolism of the wraith. The first groupings of "I wish" start with a genuine sentiment by the author to again be in the place where "the chain was still unbroken" and to have " kept that last fond token". This entire group suggests that the author keeps fond memories of the relationship. In the next groupings of "I wish" the author starts to point the finger at the other person in the relationship by using the line "I wish you were not all deceit". This is the first instance where the author expresses anger about the break-up the relationship and does not recall memories with fondness. Although the author does address her own faults by saying, "And I so fickle-hearted", she stills holds contempt for her past lover. I am somewhat surprised that it took this long for the author to place blame on the other person because of the fact that most people and selfish and assume that the reason for a relationship not working is always the fault of the other person, not their own. The third groupings of "I wish" further implicates the other person as the cause for the failure of the relationship and the reason why they are not together now. She writes "I wish you could reclasp the chain" and "I wish- you hadn't drunk champagne". These lines have an honesty about them and ring true to the feelings of a normal person dealing with the loss of a relationship.

Math Ia

Math IA Math Internal Assessment EF International Academy NY Student Name: Joo Hwan Kim Teacher: Ms. Gueye Date: March 16th 2012 Contents Introduction Part A Part B Conclusion Introduction The aim of this IA is to find out the pattern of the equations with complex numbers by using our knowledge. I used de Moivre’s theorem and binomial expansion, to find out the specific pattern and make conjecture about it. I basically used property of binominal theory with the relationship between the length of the line segments and the roots. Part ATo obtain the solutions to the equation ) | | Moivre’s theorem, (| | equation, we will get: , I used de Moivre’s theorem. According to de . So if we apply this theorem in to the (| | ) ( (| | ) ) | | ( ) If we rewrite the equation with the found value of , it shows (| | ( ( ( ( ) )) )) Let k be 0, 1, and 2. When k is 0, ( ) ( ) v v Now I know that if I apply this equation with the roots of ( ) ( ) we can find the answers on the unit circle. I plotted these values in to the graphing software, GeoGebra and then I got a graph as below:Figure 1 The roots of z-1=0 I chose a root of and I tried to find out the length of two segments from the point Z. I divided each triangle in to two same right angle triangles. By knowing that the radius of the unit circle is 1, with the knowledge of the length from D or Z to their mid-point C is length of the segment segment ) v , I found out . So I multiplied this answer by 2. And I got the v . I used same method to find out the length of the . (v v Figure 2 The graph of the equation z^3-1=0 after finding out line segment Thus we can write that the three roots of , and we can also factorize the equation by long division.Since I know that one of the roots is 1, I can divide the whole equation by (z-1). And then I got . So if we factorize the equation as: ( )( ) As question asks I repeat the work above for the equations . Using De Moivre’s theorem, can be rewritten as: ( ) Sup pose So the roots of the equation are . As we can see the graph below, I drew a graph of the roots and connected two other from a point A. The question wants me to find out the length of the line segments which I connected from a single roots to two other roots, . Since are isosceles right-angle triangles with two sides of 1.With the basic knowledge of right triangle with two I found out that the length of the v v Figure 3 Graph of z^4-1=0 before finding out the line segment Figure 4 Graph of z^4-1=0 after finding out the line segments Again I am finding out the roots of ( ( ( Suppose that the k is equal to 0,1,2,3 and 4. ) ) ) ( ( ( ( I plotted those roots of the equation ) ) ) ) ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) in to GeoGebra and on an Argand Diagram. And as shown below I found out the length of the line segments Figure 5 Graph of z^5-1=0 before finding out the line segments Figure 6 Graph of z^5-1=0 after finding out the line segmentsSo if I rewrite the lengths of line segments fo r each different equations and , they are: , ( ) ( ) , | | | | | ( ( ( ( )| )| ( ) )| ( ) )| ( )| With my values of distance of the line segments between the chosen root and others, I made a conjecture that says ( | ( | | ( [ ]) |) ( | ( |) ) † I tried to prove this conjecture. But as shown below, it is impossible to prove due to unknown amount of multiple of the sin properties ( ) Then I tried to prove it by binominal expansion, which is totally different way. I drew a graph of an equation (shown below) and connected between a root to all the other roots.Figure 7 The graph of z^n-1=0, with its roots connected As shown above, the graph has certain amount of roots, and they are connected to a root as told in the problems. And the lengths of those line segments are able to be written as ( So I rewrote the equation ( And with the knowledge of ( )( )( )( ) ( ) )( ) in the form of )( )( ) ( ) And since the angles , And I will have ( ) And then, with the binominal expansion, I folde d it out, and got ( ( ( ( ) ( ) ) )( )( )( ) ( ) ) ( ) And I can find out that ( ) ( ( ( )( ) )( ) )( ( ) ( ) ) And I know that ( ) , so with this knowledge, I rewrote ( ( )( ) )( ( )( ( ) ) And all those ( to zero. So it finally has )and ( ) refer ( ( ( ( ( ) ( )( )( )( ) ) ) ( ( ) ) ) ) And there are two condition where n can be even number or odd number, And according to this condition the value of n ( { ) | | | | So the total product of the length of the line segment equal to the power of the equation Proved. And I factorized When I factorized ( ( ( )( )( , I got the answers like: )( ) ) ) And I also tried to test my conjecture with some more values of For ( ) Suppose ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) Figure 8 The graph of z^6-1=0 with line segments The product of lengths of the line segments are v vFor ( Suppose ) Figure 9 The graph of z^7-1=0 with its line segments Part B I am going to find the solutions of this equation for each Moivre’s theorem to obtain solutions to the equation . And I will use de . And I also drew diagrams for each roots of the equation s. I used Geo Gebra to represent each roots of the equation on the Argand Diagram. So, when ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ( ) ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ) ( ) v v ( ) ( ) Figure 10 The graph of roots of equation z^3=i As shown above, the equation has three distinct roots. And the distance of arc between each neighboring roots are same with others.Roots of this equation increase by are three roots on the unit circle. , so we can find that there When ( ( ( ) ) ) Suppose ( ) ( ( ( ) ) ) Figure 11 The graph of roots of equation z^4=i When n=5, ( ( ) ) Suppose ( ( ) ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ( ) Figure 12 The graph of roots of the equation z^5=i Basically all the roots we found are on the lane of the unit-circle, because we use the complex ( ) number whose modulus is 1. ] . So if I generalize the equation of , I would get: ( ( So for the equation like equation is Generalize the equations of , ) ) that satisfy this ( ). And I can should be (0+1i)= i.And t he value of into , where n=3,4 and 5. rad. So we can change the equation ( ) ( ( ( ) ) ) With the knowledge of in the right triangle of a b So With the knowledge v It is possible state that This generalization is proved naturally as we found out that the angle of the roots is . When But when | under the condition of | | | has a generalization of the generalization would change as Conclusion I found out some patterns about two different equation: some conjectures that led me to find out and prove it. For of all length of the line segments connected form a root to others. . There were n is equal to the product

Emotional Intelligence in Leadership Essay

Abstract This paper explores the concept of emotional intelligence and the effects on leadership. The articles discussed in the paper analyzed the different array of qualities in emotional intelligence towards leadership. Emotional intelligence is a way of behaving and acting towards situations and people. Leadership styles must adapt to the situations and exhibit empathy at times to support the perception of caring. Through empathy leadership will exhibit thoughtfulness and caring in the eyes of the employee. Empathy is an emotion that human’s exhibit and how they exhibit the emotion in group’s settings can and will affect a leader’s perception. Men and women make up leadership in all facets of industry, but which one is better? Does it matter when all the variables are equal? Emotional Intelligence in Leadership Emotional intelligence and the influence over effective leadership styles go hand-in-hand in successfully leading individuals. In today’s growing industry the cry for effective leaders is immense, so to become an effective leader emotional intelligence must be understood. Leadership is in everyone’s life whether personal or business and to be effective a person must be diverse in an I.Q. – Intelligence sense and E.Q. – Emotional sense. To understand emotional intelligence an understanding of the emotional intelligence theories development by Daniel Goleman will be analyzed. A person must understand what competencies make a great leader, so the relationship of a great leader versus a poor leader is analyzed. Facts are considered towards leadership styles and emotional intelligence from a male and female leadership stance. Which sex is better at emotional intelligence and will that make either more effective in leadership? What is Emotional Intelligence? Many psychologists have identified emotional intelligence or versions of emotional awareness over the years (Goleman, 2012). The research began with analyzing people and their intelligence levels based on cognitive attributes (Norwack, 2012). A Brief History. According to Goleman, the earliest research began with Robert Thorndike in 1937 (Goleman, 2012). Thorndike began exploring the emotion concept of psychology and how the affects the theory social intelligence (Goleman, 2012). From Thorndike to David Wechsler delivered additional theories on emotion and how it plays in professional progress (Goleman, 2012). Wechsler named three essential elements to his theory – affective, personal, and social factors contribute to a person’s ability to succeed in life (Goleman, 2012). The next significant progress in the theory of emotional intelligence came from Howard Gardner in 1983 (Warwick & Nettelbeck, 2004). Gardner proposed a model of â€Å"multiple intelligence† (Goleman, 2012). His â€Å"multiple intelligence† model depicts seven kinds of intelligence that incorporated two personal varieties; knowing one’s inner world and social adeptness (Warwick & Nettelbeck, 2004). Gardner developed the model and Peter Salovery and John Mayer defined emotional intelligence in terms of the ability to monitor and regulate one’s own and others feelings and to use feelings to guide thought and action (Warwick & Nettelbeck, 2004). The last piece to the history segment is Daniel Goleman’s addition to the emotional intelligence psychological realm. Goleman identifies five basic emotional and social competencies (Goleman, 2012): * Self -Awareness * Self -Regulation * Motivation * Empathy * Social Skills These five competencies are analyzed to rate successful leaders further in the paper. Goleman helped develop the application of this theory to leadership styles and principles (Warwick & Nettelbeck, 2004). Competence of Emotional Intelligence in Leadership There are two types of competence models identified in performing exceptionally as an effective leader. The two competencies must be understood to gain a more precise understanding of the contribution of emotional competence has in the leadership role (Walter, Humphrey & Cole, 2012). Threshold Competencies. The first competency is the threshold competencies; this model addresses those that people need to perform the job. These are the minimal skills needed to carry out the tasks associated with given position. Most organizational competence models fit into this category (Walter, Humphrey & Cole, 2012) Distinguishing competencies. The next competency focuses on the exceptional leader. Distinguishing competencies are those that allow the effective leader to stand out from the poor leaders (Goleman, 2012). This is usually the traits of an outstanding leader who uses vision as an example to bring a company out of a slump (Walter, Humphrey & Cole, 2012). The distinguishing competencies are qualities needed to perform superbly (Walter, Humphrey & Cole, 2012). Case Study: Effective Leadership. According to Goleman, a study of emotional competence in leadership was performed at Hay/McBer in Boston by Lyle Spencer Jr. with Wei Chen (Goleman, 2012). The analysis of more than three hundred executive level leaders from 15 global companies showed that six emotional competencies were distinguished from the average (Goleman, 2012). The competencies consist of influence, team leadership, organizational awareness, self confidence, the drive to achieve and leadership (Goleman, 2012). Why are these qualities important in leadership? From a leadership standpoint Emotional Intelligence will support or determine a leader’s success (Dainton and Zelley, 2011). The Study. Warwick & Nettelbeck discussed a study completed by David McClelland of exemplarity leaders and the competencies they possessed (2004). The strengths in a wide spectrum of emotional intelligence ranged from self-awareness and motivation to social awareness and social skill. The only emotional intelligence capability not represented was self regulation, but adaptability, from this cluster, was 57% more common in the effective leaders (Warwick & Nettelbeck, 2004). Would women make better leaders? The next portion covers the effectives of empathy in leadership. Goleman addresses empathy as one of his five points of emotional intelligence. Over the years many papers have been written about women and their ability to be natural nurtures (Anonymous, 2008). Perhaps in a person’s personal life women are more empathetic then men. Significant research performed on the concept of women possessing a natural ability to be empathetic. When empathy is observed in the workplace or by a leader who has the upper hand men or women? Sex Differences. According to Goleman, men and women are compared in many ways (2012). He also goes on to describe the similar traits men and women poses and those traits cause behavioral characteristics. The results from test data gives a bell curve pattern when graphed and allows psychologist to review the similarities and differences between the sexes (Goleman, 2012). The idea behind specific sex abilities to be better at leadership based on their individ ual design would be acceptable. The idea that a specific sex is better just because they were born with female or male ingenuity is difficult to prove (Norwack, 2012). Data around empathy. Many studies are conducted and have been conducted by psychologist around the world with mixed feelings around which sex is better at a specific subtopic (Greenberg, 2005). Leadership uses many concepts and one concept in particular is empathy. Women in western culture tend to develop this naturally due to the way western culture influences women (Greenberg, 2005). Greenberg, goes on to describe the western woman as one of empathy and describes tests and experiences women have over men (2005). Profile of nonverbal sensitivity. At Harvard two professors tackled a challenge to solve the age old question are women more empathetic than men (Goleman, 2012) Professor Rosenthal and Judith Hall performed a verity of psychological test to measure the level of feelings. Nonverbal sensitivity to emotional reaction is the name of the test (Greenberg, 2005). Dr. Rosenthal film clips are filtered so that the person watching the emotional body language is seen and the words cannot be heard (Greenberg, 2005). Rosenthal and Hall found women performed better on average than men at guessing the people in the clips emotion (Greenberg, 2005). Micro-emotions. Greenberg states people leak small emotions called micro-emotions (2005). The emotions allow people to express body language and tone of voice in small increments to the receiver of the signal (Greenberg, 2005). People who work in law enforcement or interrogation tend to illustrate this ability so that they may sense if a person is truthful or lying (Greenberg, 2005). Sex differences tend not to portray a strong advantage in this category. Practice is a definite must to hone and build the skill to better understand situations around emotional intelligence (Greenberg, 2005). Empathetic accuracy. The ability to sense and understand people’s thoughts through their feelings is defined by Goleman as empathetic accuracy (2012). Goleman experimental methods assess empathic accuracy and illustrate emotional response by asking people to depict an emotion of someone they see (Goleman, 2012). Goleman conducted a range of test involving test subjects. The test subjects watched conversation and evaluated people and attempted to figure out their feelings (Goleman, 2012). Psychologist than compared the result against the emotional person’s own narrative. Goleman went on to describe women did not perform better than men in a series experiments (2012). There was no evidence of a female intuition advantage and Goleman goes on to associate that women have a distinct willingness to be empathetic. Greenberg describes women as wanting to be empathetic and men not so much (2005). Which sex is better with Emotional Intelligence? Based on the data above the so called sex difference toward empathy would argue that men are latent in their ability for empathy, but less motivated to be empathic (Greenberg, 2005). So much that men tend to see themselves in terms of a tough guy. Men have less motivation to seem sensitive in most cultures because that seen as a sign of weakness (Goleman, 2012). Why is Emotional Intelligence Important? When reading different articles about Emotional Intelligence the question purposed by people is â€Å"why is Emotional Intelligence important?† (Norwack, 2012). Emotional Intelligence is important element to build strong leadership (Norwack, 2012). The best way to explain Emotional Intelligence in general is through three premises (Norwack, 2012): 1.Emotions are important in both work and non-work interactions (Norwack, 2012). 2.There are individual differences in the capacity to perceive, understand, use, and manage emotions (Norwack, 2012). 3.Differences in Emotional Intelligence are important in some contexts and less important in others (Norwack, 2012). Norwack described Emotional Intelligence best as â€Å"the ability to perceive and express emotions, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion in self and others† (Norwack, 2012). As an effective leader knowing about employees will be the key to success towards employees respecting his or her leader. Conclusion Why is Emotional Intelligence so important? From a leadership standpoint Emotional Intelligence will support or determine a leader’s success (Dainton and Zelley, 2011). Emotional Intelligence in today’s business world demand leaders to be transformational to be successful in leading people (Norwack, 2012). Dainton and Zelley describe two types of leadership used in today’s business Transactional and Transformational (Dainton and Zelley, 2011). Transactional removes the care for people factor out of the equation and causes leaders only concern for results which, develops a lack of flexibility for employees (Dainton and Zelley, 2011). Transformational leadership allows leaders to use the tools to understand their emotions and how they affect the ability to lead effectively (Dainton and Zelley, 2011). Norwack points out three factors of emotion that must be understood and utilized with transformational leadership styles (Norwack, 2012). 1.Emotion Perception relates to awareness of others and their emotions (Norwack, 2012). 2.Emotion Understanding relates to the ability logically to label or empathize with others (Norwack, 2012). 3.Emotion Management controlling the emotional stress of a leader and others effectively (Norwack, 2012). Daniel Goleman describes all these factors in his book and teaches these concepts as a consultant. Large companies like Bowing, Raytheon, and IBM use these concepts to develop current and future leaders for their companies. Effective leadership is a must in today’s business world to thrive and succeed (Norwack, 2012). References Anonymous. (2008, February 04). Woman’s instinct is to nurture. Times – Picayune . Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/416185791?accountid=27203 Antonakis, J., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Dasborough, M. T. (2009). Does leadership need emotional intelligence?. The Leadership Quarterly, 247-261. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/science/article/pii/S1048984309000174 cognitive. (2002). In A Dictionary of Philosophy, Macmillan. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/login?url=http://www.credoreference.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/entry/macdphil/cognitive Dainton, M., & Zelley, E. D. (2011). Applying communication theory for professional life: A

Non Verbal Communication Essay

Non Verbal Communication is the process of communicating without words. Non Verbal Communication refers to the messages sent through gestures, eye contact, facial expressions, and posture. We send many more non verbal messages than verbal messages. It is estimated that 50 to 90 percent of messages are non verbal. Non Verbal Communication has few rules and often occurs unconsciously, for instance while speaking we may throw our arms around; while listening a sudden shock may result in a sharp intake of breath. Such non verbal signals add impact to a meaning, and they combine to provide an instant impression in a way that written communication or telephone calls cannot. Actions of this sort are an important part of the communication process. We must be aware of the non verbal messages we send at all times. Careless use of the non verbal messages can send the wrong message. When listening to someone, observe his or her non verbal signals carefully and try to interpret them correctly. Messages communicated by different types of non verbal communication are listed below:GesturesGestures can both complement and contradict other forms of communication. For example, when one person tells another to turn â€Å"left† while pointing right, the gesture contradicts the spoken words. If a person both says to turn right and points right, the gesture complements the words. The gestures that we see in everyday business communication include a wide range of hand and arm movements. When examined in context, they may have specific meanings:Baton-like pointing movements of the hands and arms punctuate words and may communicate control. Finger wagging and arms crossed over the chest may be signs of disagreement. A hand or finger covering the mouth may indicate that the speaker is holding something back or is too embarrassed or reluctant to speak. Hands on the hips with thumbs back communicate toughness and a reluctance to back down. Counting off on fingers may be a sign of clear thinking and logic. Although gestures can be used deliberately to communicate honesty, self- confidence, straightforwardness and control, most are used unconsciously. Eye ContactWhen people look directly into each other’s eyes, they make eye contact. Eyes can send messages as well as receive information. Indeed, eye contact can be the most powerful form of Non Verbal Communication. In business, as in personal relationships, eye contact sends different messages. Purposefully looking at someone is a signal of recognition. Direct eye contact tells a job applicant that we are interested in learning more. Purposefully looking away from someone may be a sign of arrogance or anger. The length of time that eye contact is held has a message of its own. Eye contact with a stranger is instantaneous. More than a glance makes both parties uncomfortable. Maintaining eye contact with a person of the opposite sex for too long can mean sexual interest – an inappropriate business message. Extended eye contact between men who do not know each other is an implicit threat. By contrast, it is acceptable in public speaking to hold eye contact with audience members as a sign of involvement and engagement. Eye contact is the most difficult of all facial features to fake. Even subtle changes in contact and expression have the power to show strong feelings if interpreted correctly. Facial ExpressionsClosely linked to eye contact, facial expressions are movements of the face that reflect attitudes and emotions that often difficult to read. With the vast number of possible expressions, the speed at which they change, and the ability of most people to â€Å"mask† messages they do not want to send, all but the most obvious expressions may be misinterpreted. Psychologists have identified six emotions that are expressed facially in all parts of the world: happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, surprise, and fear. PosturePosture is the position of our body as we sit or stand. It can communicate strong non verbal cues. For example:Letting our head drop, leaning back and supporting our head with our hand expresses boredom. Adopting an â€Å"open† sitting posture, with our head and body to one side and legs uncrossed, often communicates agreement. Walking rapidly with our hands moving freely at our side may communicate confidence and goal orientation. References: www.yahoo.comwww.google.com

Culture, ideology, politics and economics are linked in the output of media organisation in way that is true for no other sector of capitalist enterprise

Introduction Although some might believe otherwise, the media is not a neutral or objective institution. It is rather a disputed space that can be manipulated to serve certain interests. McNair (2007:103) affirms that â€Å"culture, ideology, politics and economics are linked in the output of media organisation.† This statement is especially true of the UK newspaper industry. McQuail (2008:7) also argues that power structures social relationships and that this has an effect on the way the mass media is organized. Both historically and presently the influence of the media can be observed. Newspapers promote certain ideologies, create and reinforce cultural patterns, and greatly influence views on politics. Media products that are made for mass consumption are often controlled by a handful of wealthy owners. This is very similar to what Karl Marx calls the ‘bourgeoisie’ or the owners of the means of production. They are in control of factories and the livelihoods of workers. How ever, in much the same way, media production serves the interests of the few, and not those of the masses. The ruling class often determines the content of widely distributed newspapers. In support of McNair, I will argue that media output is very closely linked to culture, ideology, and politics, in a way that is advantageous to those who own the means of production. In order to show this, I will discuss all factors (culture, ideology, politics, and economics) in relation to each other and analyse the influence that the newspaper industry has had historically on political, economic, and cultural affairs. The paper will mainly look at 18th century, 19th century, and present press and media output in Britain. Critical Analysis The struggle over control of newspaper content is also an economic struggle between the bourgeoisie and the workers or the lower classes. This is a conflict that mirrors the Marxist notion of class struggle. Starting as far back as the 18th century, the UK ruling class has fought to destroy radical newspapers of the time, such as Poor Man’s Guardian, Twopenny, and Republican. The aims of the radical press were to promote class organisations through the development of a critical political analysis. Class organizations and unions were meant to earn workers better wages and more rights. Thus, by developing radical newspapers, the working class sought to improve their economic condition. This is an example of the struggle between the aristocracy and the workers who were criticising corruption and the repressive taxation which was impoverishing them (Curran 2010:13). Here, politics is also interrelated to the media and to economics. It was only through adopting a critical political analysis that workers could advocate for their rights. On the other hand, the politics of the right (or the wealthy owners) represent their economic interest of keeping the wealth and control of the press in the hands of few. The emergence of more progressive publications in the early 1800s showed how the ideology of the ruling classes was in opposition of radicalism. Their politics served to prevent the workers from gaining more control of the media output. Between 1830 and 1836 there was an increase in circulation of radical newspapers. In London alone, the readership grew from half a million to 2 million. Dr Philmore, a member of Parliament, complained that â€Å"these infamous publications [†¦] inflame working people’s passions, and awaken their selfishness, contrasting their present condition with what they contented to be their future condition- a condition incompatible with human nature, and with those immutable laws which providence has established for the regulation of human society â€Å" (Curran 2010 : 14). In other words, the rich believed that it is their right to maintain their social and economic standing. In response to radicalism, they sought to pass regulations that would control the media output. This implied that they could promote the views that would benefit their own economic and social condition. As already seen, those who can control media output use this resource to promote their ideology, culture, and politics. In this way, they also maintain their wealth. In order to silence the voice of radical newspapers in the 1800s, the government decided to introduce the stamp duty, which meant that publications were redefined to include political periodicals. Curran and Seaton (2010) also note that during those days, the government sought to increase press taxation. This was to ensure that those in charge of the press are wealthy men of high social standing. Curran and Seaton explain that the reason behind stamp duty was â€Å"to restrict the readership to a well to do by raising the cover price; and to restrict the ownership to the propertied class by increasing the publishing cost â€Å" (Curran and Seaton 2010:11). This shows how economics plays a big role in restricting those who do not have the necessary means from promoting their own ideology, politics, and culture. The example clearly illustrates the link between economics, culture, and politics that McNair talks about. It also portrays, once again, how those who own the means of produc tion can promote the ideologies that benefit them. Over time, those who were financially in control of the media used this to their advantage and slowly began to take radicalism out of the picture. It became the norm that only those who have enough capital could have a say in politics and influence the ideology of the masses. In the late 19th century, when some control methods failed and stamp laws were repealed, the press establishment embarked on a â€Å"sophisticated strategy of social control†, where the radical newspapers were replaced by apolitical, commercial publications, read by mass audiences and controlled by capital (McNair 2009:87). According to McNair (2009), the radical publications of the end of the 19th century had either been forced out of existence, moved right politically, or become small specialist publications. As newspapers became cheaper and the market expanded, capital investment and running costs increased beyond the capacity of radical publishers. Thus, radical voices were once again silenced. This shows that the output of news is greatly influenced by the ownership and capital, as only the wealthy are powerful enough to determine the course of media production. Currently, it can be said that media output in the newspapers is still dependant on who owns the enterprise, what are their politics, and what kind of ideology and culture they want to promote. Oftentimes, the output does not necessarily reflect the truth, but rather takes the form that is best suited to serve the interests of the few. It is not uncommon for stories to be censored or even not published at all. To illustrate this, Anthony Bevins (1997:47) argues that â€Å"Journalists cannot ignore the pre-set ‘taste ‘of their newspapers, use their own sense in reporting the truth of the any event, and survive. They are ridden by news desks and backbenches executives, have their stories spiked on a systematic basis, they face the worst sort of newspaper punishment –byline deprivation.† Conclusion The history of newspaper publishing in the UK shows that economic interests influence media output immensely. I have argued that, historically, culture, ideology, politics, and economics are all interrelated influences on the content of media. In order to show this, my paper has looked at historical events that have had an impact on the course that the media (especially newspapers) has taken during the past few hundred years. Starting with the 18th century, the press has been a battlefield between the rich and the poor. Radical newspapers fought to have a say in politics. Unfortunately, those who had more wealth and invested more capital were the ones able to take control of the press. With the control of the press also came the promotion of certain ideologies. The ruling class favoured the politics that went against the interests of the workers. Politicians and capitalists alike strived to protect their standing. The stamp duty is an example of measures that they were taking to ens ure that radical media output does not grow enough to influence political views. Even though this measure did not last, the effect that commercialization has had on newspapers and media output, in general, is still evident. Those who own media corporations prefer an apolitical and commercial approach. Over time, the voices of workers with radical demands have stopped being heard in the mainstream media. Moreover, even the practices of journalists nowadays are influenced by this approach to media as a profit driven enterprise. The relevance of stories is often determined based on commercial appeal and sensationalism, rather than facts. Stories can be censored and facts hidden. Economics, as well as politics are mainly to blame for these developments. McNair (2009) sums up this interrelationship perfectly through his work. The fact that politics, economics, culture, and ideology play a big role in determining media output is undeniable. Although this is unlikely to change in the near future, it is important to know whose politics and interests influence what we read, hear, and see in the media. Bibliography Curran, J. and Seaton. Power Without Responsibility : Press, Broadcasting and the Internet in Britain. Routledge, Abingdon, 2010. McNair, B. News and Journalism In the UK . Routlege, London, 2003. McQuail D. Mass Communication. SAGE, London, 2008. Tumber H. News : A Reader. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999. Wahl-Jorgensen, K. & Hanitzsch, T. The Handbook of Journalism Studies. Taylor & Francis, Abingdon, 2009.

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